Jenis Prosessor

                   Nama         : Aditya Mafa’id

   BP/NIM     : 2008/00683

Tugas Analisis Perancangan Jaringan Komputer

-          Dua macam type prosesor ialah:

Jawaban= RISC dan CISC

1.      RISC

Sejarah Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) atau dalam bahasa indonesianya "Komputasi set instruksi yang disederhanakan" di gagas oleh John cocke pada tahun 1974 di New York yang  merupakan salah satu peneliti dari IBM. saat ia membuktikan bahwa sekitar 20% instruksi pada sebuah prosesor ternyata menangani sekitar 80% dari keseluruhan kerjanya. Komputer pertama yang menggunakan konsep RISC ini adalah IBM PC/XT pada era 1980-an. Istilah RISC sendiri pertama kali dipopulerkan oleh David Patterson, pengajar pada University of California di Berkely.

Pengertian RISC :

Merupakan sebuah arsitektur komputasi modern dengan instruksi-instruksi dan jenis eksekusi yang paling sederhana. Arsitektur ini digunakan pada komputer dengan kinerja tinggi, Selain digunakan dalam komputer vektor, desain ini juga diimplementasikan pada prosesor komputer lain, seperti pada beberapa mikroprosesor Intel 960, Itanium (IA64) dari Intel Corporation, Alpha AXP dari DEC, R4x00 dari MIPS Corporation, PowerPC dan Arsitektur POWER dari International Business Machine. Selain itu, RISC juga umum dipakai pada Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) dan StrongARM (termasuk di antaranya adalah Intel XScale), SPARC dan UltraSPARC dari Sun Microsystems, serta PA-RISC dari Hewlett-Packard.

2.      CISC

Complex instruction-set computing atau Complex Instruction-Set Computer (CISC) atau dalam bahasa Indonesia "Kumpulan instruksi komputasi kompleks"adalah sebuah arsitektur dari set instruksi dimana setiap instruksi akan menjalankan beberapa operasi tingkat rendah, seperti pengambilan dari memory, operasi aritmetika, dan penyimpanan ke dalam memory, semuanya sekaligus hanya di dalam sebuah instruksi. Karakteristik CISC dapat dikatakan bertolak-belakang dengan RISC.

Karakteristik CISC yg "sarat informasi" ini memberikan keuntungan di mana ukuran program-program yang dihasilkan akan menjadi relatif lebih kecil, dan penggunaan memory akan semakin berkurang. Karena CISC inilah biaya pembuatan komputer pada saat itu (tahun 1960) menjadi jauh lebih hemat.

Satu alasan mengenai hal ini adalah karena set-set instruksi level-tinggi, yang sering disandikan (untuk kode-kode yang kompleks), akan menjadi cukup sulit untuk diterjemahkan kembali dan dijalankan secara efektif dengan jumlah transistor yang terbatas. Oleh karena itu arsitektur -arsitektur ini memerlukan penanganan yang lebih terfokus pada desain prosesor. Pada saat itu di mana jumlah transistor cukup terbatas, mengakibatkan semakin sempitnya peluang ditemukannya cara-cara alternatif untuk optimisasi perkembangan prosesor. Oleh karena itulah, pemikiran untuk menggunakan desain RISC muncul pada pertengahan tahun 1970 (Pusat Penelitian Watson IBM 801 - IBMs)

Contoh-contoh prosesor CISC adalah System/360, VAX, PDP-11, varian Motorola 68000 , dan CPU AMD dan Intel x86.

Untuk melihat secara umum perbandingan antara CISC dan RISC

CISC : Penekanan terhadap perangkat keras, termasuk instruksi komplek multi – clock. Memori ke memori : load dan store saling berkerja sama. Ukuran kode kecil, kecepatan rendah. Transistor digunakan untuk menyimpan instruksi – instruksi kompleks.

RISC : Penekanan pada perangkat lunak single – clock. Hanya sejumlah kecil instruksi. Register ke register :load dan store adalah instruksi terpisah. Ukuran kode besar, kecepatan (relative) tinggi. Transsitor banyak digunakan untuk register memory

Chapter9 : Lab 9.4.2 Presenting the Project Proposal

Task 1: Prepare for the Presentation

Step 1: Review the content
a. Ensure that your presentation is complete.
b. Review the content to ensure that there are no technical errors.
c. Rehearse the presentation to become familiar with the flow of the content and develop a sense of the
timing required.

Chapter9 : Lab 9.4.1 Compiling the Documentation

Task 1: Compile the Project Proposal

Step 1: Finalize the documentation requirements

a. Finalize the documentation created in the previous labs and in your project portfolio.

b. Insert and compile the information under the following headings:

• Executive Summary

• Network Requirements

• Current Network Environment

• Proposed Physical Design

• Proposed Logical Design

• Implementation Plan

• Cost Proposal

Step 2: Prepare the cover page

Include a cover page at the beginning of the proposal. The cover page describes the proposal, including the RFP or solicitation number and date, the customer contact information, and the vendor name and contact information.

Step 3: Prepare the Table of Contents

Develop a Table of Contents for the proposal document.

Step 4: Create the proposal

Complete the proposal document. The proposal layout should be highly readable and should aid the reader in locating information.

• Use graphics to enhance the readability of a proposal and convey information where appropriate.

• Text should be legible, typically a serif typeface such as Times Roman, at 10-point to 12-point type.

• Page margins should be at least 0.5 inches (125mm).

• Page numbers should be included at the top or bottom of each page.

Step 5: Update the Executive Summary

Use information from the completed implementation and costing sections to update the Executive Summary.

Step 6: Organize the Proposal binder

Arrange the proposal components in a binder, based on the order cited in the Table of Contents.

Step 7: Prepare Terms and Signatures page

a. Prepare the terms of agreement and an acceptance page for customer signatures to be included at

the end of the proposal. The terms and conditions describe all relevant legal terms and contracts that

will be required. These terms and conditions support the supply of goods and services related to

network improvements and installations.

Important clauses in the terms and conditions usually include:

• Details about the proposal expiration date

• Obligations of the customer to obtain permission or other consents within their organization

• Obligations of the vendor to provide services and equipment with care and skill

• Dates when completed milestone deliverables are payable

• Interest chargeable on outstanding payments

• The amount of notice the customer must give to cancel their equipment and service orders

• Details about guarantees (if any) provided by the vendor

• Details about escalating and resolving complaints or issues

If the customer accepts the proposal, an appropriate customer representative signs the Terms and

Signatures page.

Your instructor will advise of the standard terms and conditions that will apply to all proposals.

b. Save this file and include in the proposal document.

Task 2: Prepare the Presentation

Step 1: Plan the presentation

After compiling a proposal, network designers review the entire proposal with their management organization by means of a formal presentation. During this stage of the design proposal, the designer must first sell the concept to the internal management and then to the customer.

For your presentation, list the important points to include that illustrate the proposal. A proposal presentation includes slides or other visual aids to graphically represent the proposal. The presentation, along with the proposal document, is vital to ensuring a successful meeting and increasing the probability of a customer sign-off.

Step 2: Create the presentation

This step assumes that the presentation will use MS PowerPoint or equivalent presentation software. Your instructor will advise of the presentation requirements and resources available.

a. The content and presentation format are important in a business environment. Create a presentation

that considers the following points:

• Every slide should have a heading that summarizes the information presented on the slide.

• Computer presentations should not contain full paragraphs of text. Use a bulleted list or

outline format and elaborate on the points during the delivery.

• All type should be legible. Use large fonts, because small fonts are often hard to read.

• Use contrasting colors – either a dark background with light text or a light background with

dark text.

• Keep the format and style consistent throughout the presentation. Do not change text font,

text color, background color, or theme except for an occasional special emphasis.

• Avoid backgrounds that make the text hard to read. Keep the background simple.

• Do not use ALL CAPS! Their use is unprofessional and they are also more difficult to read.

• Include a combination of words, pictures, and graphics. Variety keeps the presentation

interesting.

b. Save the presentation file and any other presentation aids that you created.

Chapter9 : Lab 9.3.4 Creating the Bill Of Material

Step 1: List the items required
a. Use the table below, or create a similar one, to list all the items and equipment that need to be
purchased for the FilmCompany network upgrade project.

Chapter9 : Lab 9.2.4 Creating an Installation Schedule

Step 1: List and prioritize the tasks that require downtime on the current network

List the tasks that require network downtime.

Step 2: Document the required downtime on the project timeline

Sometimes it is not possible to complete all of the required tasks during an approved maintenance window. If an installation task requires the network, or part of the network, to be down during normal business hours, it is important to obtain permission from the customer. As soon as the time frame is determined and approved, all the people involved need to be notified accordingly.

a. List those tasks that can be completed during a scheduled maintenance window.

b. List those tasks that require the network to be down during normal business hours.

Chapter9 : Lab 9.2.3 Creating a Timeline

Step 1: List and prioritize the factors affecting the timeline
Note issues such as equipment and material availability, skilled personnel, and customer requirements that should be considered for the following factors when developing a project timeline. Consider the possibility that the project might not begin on the proposed start date.
Equipment order and delivery
Service installation, such as WAN links
Customer schedule, including available maintenance and downtime windows
Availability of appropriate technical personnel

Chapter9 : Lab 9.2.2 Creating a Phased Installation Plan

Step 1: Compare the installation methods

There are three possible installation methods:

• New installation, commonly referred to as a green field installation

• Phased installation into an existing, functioning network

• Complete replacement, commonly referred to as a fork-lift upgrade

Consider and list the advantages and disadvantages of the three installation methods.

New Installation

Advantages:

Semua peralatan dan layanan dapat diinstal dan diuji pada saat yang sama.

Rencana implementasi untuk jaringan baru kurang kompleks dibandingkan dengan dua jenis instalasi.
Jadwal lebih fleksibel daripada ketika jaringan yang ada di tempat.
Ada gangguan minimal terhadap perusahaan.